消費者行為
Consumer Behavior

作者: 汪志堅 教授,出版社:全圖書。第七版。 出版日期:2021 年11月。

本書簡介

本書整合消費者行為的基礎概念與實務,蒐羅豐富本土個案,藉由華人觀點,分析市場特色、消費者決策及影響、闡明關鍵議題等,內容實用、難易適中,案例解析呼應理論,是初學者極佳的入門寶典。

作者簡介

目前為台北大學資管所終身特聘教授。汪志堅老師曾任台北大學資管所所長、台北大學商學院電子商務中心主任、台灣資訊系統研究學會理事長。曾發表近百篇學術論文,研究方向為網路行為、網路行銷、網路消費行為、網路心理學等。

汪志堅老師並擔任International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies總編輯、電子商務研究學術期刊總編輯、行銷評論總編輯、商略學報執行編輯等工作。

更詳細的介紹,請參見汪志堅老師的網站

http://www.wangson.idv.tw/

網路購書

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聯絡方式:

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若有其他聯絡事項,煩請電洽台北大學資管所辦公室,請其留話轉告。資管所辦公室電話:02-86741111 ext 66894 (辦公室上班時間為周一至周五9:00-17:00)

第七版目錄 (請點選右方拉開)

Chapter 01 概論

1-1 消費者行為的範圍

1-2 消費者行為是行銷的基礎

1-3 有哪些消費者行為

1-4 影響消費者行為的因素

1-5 了解消費者行為的優點

課後練習


第二篇 影響消費者行為的個人因素

Chapter 02 知覺、學習與記憶

2-1 感官刺激

2-2 知覺的暴露階段

2-3 知覺的注意階段

2-4 知覺的解釋階段

2-5 行為學習

2-6 認知學習

2-7 記憶


Chapter 03 動機與價值

3-1 動機

3-2 動機的相關理論

3-3 價值觀


Chapter 04 人格與生活型態

4-1 何謂人格特質

4-2 早期的人格理論

4-3 人格特質

4-4 生活型態


第三篇 消費行為

Chapter 05 態度

5-1 態度構成的三要素

5-2 態度的理論

5-3 態度的功能與承諾


Chapter 06 資訊搜尋

6-1 購買決策類型

6-2 問題確認(消費需求確認)

6-3 資訊搜尋

6-4 影響資訊搜尋的原因

6-5 消費者的資訊來源

6-6 說服溝通


Chapter 07 購買

7-1 評估準據

7-2 評估的模式

7-3 購買行動

7-4 購買情境

7-5 購後行為

7-6 產品的處置


第四篇 影響消費行為的外部因素

Chapter 8 群體影響

8-1 參考群體

8-2 口碑

8-3 意見領袖


Chapter9 家庭與組織購買決策

9-1 家庭與家計單位

9-2 家庭購買決策

9-3 組織購買決策

9-4 購買決策角色


Chapter10 財富、階級、性別、年齡

10-1 財富

10-2 社會階級

10-3 心理上財富

10-4 性別

10-5 年齡


Chapter 11 種族、宗教、文化

11-1 種族與消費行為

11-2 宗教與消費行為

11-3 文化

11-4 文化與消費

11-5 文化的涵化與變遷


第五篇 消費行為的新興課題

Chapter 12 創新的採納

12-1 創新的種類與程度

12-2 創新的特性

12-3 創新擴散

12-4 創新擴散的影響因素

12-5 科技採用


Chapter 13 網路消費行為

13-1 各種網路行為課題

13-2 網路迷因

13-3 網紅影響力行銷

13-4 社交媒體的使用動機


Chapter 14 消費者行為研究

14-1 研究的程序

14-2 量表的選擇與發展


第六篇 個案

CASE 01 您搶到衛生紙了嗎?

CASE 02 該買新車嗎?

CASE 03 降級普通會員

CASE 04 結婚金飾用租的

CASE 05 印表機贈品

CASE 06 畢業旅行記

CASE 07 到國外拍婚紗

CASE 08 商業午餐定價

CASE 09 網路錯價事件

CASE 10 品牌的選擇

CASE 11 週年慶滿三千送三百

CASE 12 誰搭商務艙

CASE 13 到網路買墨水匣:罕銷商品的網路銷售

CASE 14 你不再是我的網路好友了!?

CASE 15 鬼月婚宴大促銷


參考文獻

索引

創意思考

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消費者行為專業術語(請點選右方拉開)

https://consumer.concepts.tw/terminology

本書所提及與消費者行為有關之專業術語,簡要解釋如下。以下係依中文筆畫順序排序,若需查找英文,可先用索引查詢該英文所對應的中文。

24項性格優勢與美德 (Character Strengths and Virtues)

由由彼得森(Christopher Peterson)和塞利格曼(Martin Seligman)所提出的24個性格優勢與美德。包括:智慧及知識(創意,好奇,開明,愛學習,智慧)、勇氣(英勇,堅毅,正直,熱情與幹勁)、仁愛(愛,善良,人際交往能力)、公義(團隊精神,公平,領導能力)、節制(寬恕和憐憫,謙虛,謹慎,自我控制)、靈性及超越(審美和優秀,感恩,希望,幽默,靈性)。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

4C行銷組合策略 (4C, Consumer, Cost, Convenience, Communication)

4C 分別是 Consumer 消費者需求、Cost 消費者購買商品的成本、Convenience 消費者的便利性、Communication 如何和消費者溝通等四個行銷組合策略。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第1章第2節)

4P行銷組合策略 (4P, Product, Price, Place, Promotion)

Product 產品、Price 價格、Place 通路、Promotion 促銷等四個行銷組合策略。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第1章第2節)

AIO量表 (Activities, Interests, and Opinions (AIO))

針對消費者所從事的活動(Activities)、興趣(Interests)與意見(Opinions)等三個構面,進行衡量的量表。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第4節)

VALS量表(價值觀與生活型態量表) (Values and Lifestyle Survey)

史丹佛研究中心(Stanford Research InstituteSRI 設於史丹福大學)針對美國消費者的人口統計變數、價值、態度和生活型態等變數進行調查的工具。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第4節)

一致性理論 (Congruity Theory)

如果人們接收到說服訊息後,發現對於訊息內容的態度,與對於訊息發送者的態度,並不相同之時,人們將會某種程度的修改對於訊息內容或訊息發送者的態度,以獲得調和關係。此理論被翻譯為調和理論、一致性理論、和諧理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

人格 (Personality)

美國心理學會提供的定義是:「人格特質是從個人的行為、態度、感覺、習慣模式所推論出來的一種相對穩定、一致且持久性的內部特性(https://dictionary.apa.org/personality-trait)

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第1節)

人格特質 (Personality Traits)

人格是由可以描述與區別每個個人的特質(特徵)所組成。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

三種需要理論 (Three Needs Theory)

從成就動機的角度出發,將動機分為權力(Power)、歸屬(Affiliation 與成就(Achievement)三種。又稱為成就動機理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

口碑 (Word-of-Mouths)

人際間涉及產品、服務、品牌、廠商、或其他與消費活動有關的事或物的非正式溝通。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第2節)

口頭模仿學習 (Verbal Modeling)

根據別人所說,其他人將會如何處理,來調整自己的行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

工具制約 (Instrumental Conditioning)

學習到進行某種行為會獲得某個正面的結果,或是避免從事某種行為,以免招致某種負面結果的行為學習過程。又稱為操作制約。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第5節)

不連續創新(動態創新) (Dynamically Innovations)

與原有產品有絕對性的差異,消費者無法或難以拿現有產品與新產品作對應。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第1節)

中央處理路徑 (Central Processing Route)

積極地注意與努力仔細思考訊息的內容,深入推敲與解釋該訊息,並形成態度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

五大人格 (Big Five Model, Five Factor Model, NEO-PI(Neo Personality Inventory))

將眾多的人格構面,區分為五個主要構面。此五個構面包括:外向性、開放性、情緒穩定性、嚴謹性、親和性。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

內心捷徑 (Mental Shortcuts)

進行購買決策時,會因為心中的這些假設,而以某些構面來代替其它決策準據,作為決策的依據。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

內外控人格 (Locus of Control)

人們對某些事情發生原因的解釋。會對結果好壞負責是屬於內控(Internal Locus of Control)的人,而外控(External Locus of Control)的人則會將責任歸咎於他人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

內生動機 (Intrinsic Motivation)

來自個人內心的驅動力。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

內部搜尋 (Internal Search)

取回儲存在消費者長期記憶中有關產品或服務的訊息、感覺和經驗的記憶。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

公平理論 (Equity Theory)

知覺到交易雙方的公平性(Fairness in the Exchange)時,才會真正感到公平,也才會產生滿意。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第5節)

分析心理學 (Analytical Psychology)

尤格所帶頭發展的心理學學派,認為人的心靈包含有意識的自我、潛意識兩大部分。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

分離模式 (Disjunctive Model)

不認為所有的屬性都必須超過可接受水準才可被購買,僅需評估單一或少數幾個(並非全部)重要的屬性,只要這幾個重要屬性超過可接受水準,那麼就可以接受此方案。同樣的,如果產生超過一個以上的方案, 往往也需要調整可接受的最低水準,或者輔以其它的決策模式來作進一步的選擇。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

心理分析理論 (Psychoanalytic Theory)

人格特性的產生,源自於在心中的一組有力量、潛意識的內在掙扎。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

心理所有權 (Psychological Ownership)

不屬於個人所有,但因為個人具有支配權,而認為是他所有的物品、財物。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第3節)

心理風險 (Psychological Risk)

擔心該產品或服務沒能反映自己。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

心理帳戶 (Mental Accounting)

把財富區分成不同用途的心理帳戶,對於不同心理帳戶內的金錢有不同的想法。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第3節)

心理圖析 (Psychographics)

人格、價值觀、意見、態度、興趣、生活型態等心理變數,加以量化的方法,將人們區分為若干個區隔。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第4節)

心裡性需要 (Psychogenic Needs)

後天產生,受到文化的規範而來的需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

心儀群體(參考群體) (Aspirational Groups)

人們很喜歡與很想要成為其中成員,但目前並非成員之一的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

文化 (Culture)

整體社會共同的生活方式、觀念、信念與原則。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第3節)

文化涵化 (Enculturation)

社會內的成員,會在不知不覺中,受到這個社會的文化所影響。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

文化適應 (Acculturation)

從一個社會遷移到另外一個社會時,適應新社會的過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

比較性群體(參考群體) (Comparative Groups)

不形成規範,僅在某些特定或狹窄的態度或行為上成為消費者的比較基準的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

主要群體(參考群體) (Primary Groups)

會有直接與深入互動機會(不一定要面對面的互動),且其意見或規範被認為是重要並須遵守的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

主題或背景性原則(完形心理學) (Figure-ground (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將某部分的刺激是主題,而另一部分的刺激則是背景。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

主觀理解 (Subjective Comprehension)

自行推論出訊息所要傳達的意義。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

主觀規範 (Subjective Norms)

主觀覺得社會上其它人對自己的期望。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

代言人配適假說 (Match-Up Hypothesis)

代言人與品牌、產品類型之間的配適,對於代言效果的影響。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第3節)

代理問題(代理理論) (Principal-Agency Theory (Agency Theory))

指委託人與代理人之間因目標不一致,而產生利益衝突。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第3節)

代理學習 (Vicarious Learning)

未必需要實際親身體驗某種獎賞或懲罰才能學習,而是可以觀察別人行為所衍生的結果、想像某種行為會衍生何種結果、或者是從別人口中被告知某種行為會衍生的結果,來修正自己的行為又稱為觀察學習或模仿理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

功利性動機 (Utilitarian Motivation)

滿足消費者功能性需要,透過功能性屬性提供,達到消費者解決問題的目的,或使消費者達成某項功能或任務。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

功能性需要(動機) (Functional Needs)

對感官愉悅、多樣性及認知上刺激的需要,是一種希望經歷該種體驗的需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

卡特爾16因子人格特質 (Cattell's 16 Personality Factors (16PF))

包含十六項影響個人行為基本特徵。包括:樂群性、聰慧性、情緒穩定性、恃強性、興奮性、有恆性、敢為性、敏感性、懷疑性、幻想性、世故性、憂慮性、激進性、獨立性、自律性、緊張性。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

古典制約 (Classical Conditioning)

一種關聯學習,學習到制約與非制約刺激經常性配對出現的關聯,使得非制約刺激也會呈現與制約刺激相同的反應。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第5節)

外生動機 (Extrinsic Motivation)

外部所產生的驅動力。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

外向性(人格特質) (Extraversion)

若一個人愈喜歡與人接觸、喜歡參與社交活動,則其外向性愈高。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

外部搜尋 (External Search)

透過各種外部管道,例如廣告、朋友、網際網路等各種方式,來搜尋取得產品或服務的資訊。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

外顯模仿學習 (Overt Modeling)

直接觀察別人行為所衍生的結果,來調整自己行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

市場信念 (Market Beliefs)

消費者對公司、產品和商店等形成一些假設,用以進行購買決策。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

市場區隔策略 (STP, Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning)

將所有的潛在顧客進行區隔,之後選定目標市場,然後發展產品或服務的定位。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第1章第2節)

平衡理論 (Balance Theory)

態度標的事物、個人、其他相關人,這三者之間的關係,會產生平衡。平衡關係裡面,有三個態度:其他人對該事物的態度、自己對該事物的態度、自己對其他人的態度,態度不一致時,會改變態度以取得平衡。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

本我 (Id)

完全和立即性的滿足有關,它是避免痛苦與獲得愉悅的內在動力基本來源,代表著潛意識的驅動力與衝動,引導人們精神動力朝向歡愉的行為前進,而不考慮任何的結果

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

正式群體(參考群體) (Formal Groups)

有固定成員與組織形式的正式組織。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

生存-關係-成長理論 (ERG theory (Existence-Relatedness-Growth Theory))

人類的動機,包括生存、關係、成長等三個因素。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

生活型態 (Lifestyle)

反映個人如何分配其時間與所得的生活模式,是個人自我概念的外在表達。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第4節)

生理性需要 (Biogenic Needs)

維持生命的基本需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

共同命運原則(完形心理學) (Common Fate (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將動態相近、方向趨勢相近的物體,視為一個群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

再行銷 (Retargeting)

將網路廣告或社交媒體廣告播放給曾經主動搜尋或瀏覽過商品或服務的資訊的消費者。RetargetingRemarketing兩字的意思接近。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

再行銷 (Remarketing)

將網路廣告或社交媒體廣告播放給曾經主動搜尋或瀏覽過商品或服務的資訊的消費者。RetargetingRemarketing兩字的意思接近。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

同化與對比效果 (Assimilation and Contrast Effects)

每個人在態度標準上,都有一個接受與拒絕的區間(Latitudes of Acceptance and Rejection),落在態度標準可接受區間內的想法,會被欣喜地接受,產生同化效果,相反的,落在態度標準可接受區間之外的想法,則會被拒絕,產生對比效果。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

同溫層效應(迴聲室效應) (Echo Chamber Effect)

意見相近的人聚集在一起,相近的意見不斷被重複傳播,讓人們誤以為只有這樣的意見,而忽略了其他不同的意見。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第4節)

名人代言 (Celebrity Endorsement)

由具有知名度的公眾人物來進行產品代言。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第6節)

回聲記憶 (Echoic Memory)

所聽到的感官刺激暫存於腦海。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

多重屬性態度模式 (Multi-attribute Models of Attitude)

消費者對於態度標的物的評價,決定於消費者對該標的物之各種不同屬性的信念,將這些信念評價進行某種加權後,即可知道整體的態度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第3節)

年老化指數 (Aging Index)

老年與孩童人口比值。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第5節)

年輕單身階段 (Bachelor Stage)

已離開原生家庭居住,但仍未婚,尚未籌組家庭的階段。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

成員群體(參考群體) (Membership Groups)

參考群體與被影響的對象都是具有同等身分的人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

成就動機理論 (Achievement Motivation Theory)

從成就動機的角度出發,將動機分為權力(Power)、歸屬(Affiliation 與成就(Achievement)三種。又稱為三種需要理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

有限地問題解決 (Limited Problem Solving)

消費者決策前會進行資訊搜尋與方案評估,需要一些時間來進行考慮,但不會考慮很久,也不會考慮很多因素。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

次要群體(參考群體) (Secondary Groups)

互動比較不頻繁,但其行為仍會對我們造成影響的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

次級需求 (Secondary Demand)

對某特定品牌或廠商的產品或服務的需求。次級需求又稱為選擇性需求(Selective Demand)

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第2節)

米勒法則(短期記憶) (Miller's Law)

短期記憶的容量大約在七個資訊組左右。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

考慮集合 (Consideration Set)

消費者會納入考慮的品牌或產品。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

自我 (Ego)

介於本我與超我之間的中介角色,試圖平衡本我與超我之間的衝突,幫助行為能夠為外界社會所接受。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

自我知覺理論 (Self-Perception Theory)

藉由解釋他們自己行為所代表的意義,來說明他們本身抱持的態度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

自我概念 (Self-Concept)

對自己的信念,通常自我概念回答了「我是誰?」這樣的問題.描繪對於自己的想法、感受、態度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第4節)

自我概念 (Self-Concept)

自我形象描繪出自己是怎麼樣的人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

自傳式記憶 (Autobiographical Memory)

事件與和事件有關的知識所形成的個人記憶,包括過去的經驗,和與這些過去經驗連結的情感與情緒感受。又稱為情節式記憶。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

自願性群體(參考群體) (Voluntary Groups)

以自由意識選擇是否加入的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

行為學習理論 (Behavioral Learning Theory)

學習的發生是因為接受到外界刺激而產生反應,造成行為的改變,不強調內心思考過程的運作狀況。又稱為刺激-反應理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第5節)

伸腳入門技術 (Foot-in-the-Door Technique)

消費者一開始如果同意一項小的請求,那麼他就較容易再應允另一項請求。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

低標刪除模式 (Elimination by Aspects)

先對每個屬性設定一個最低的標準,低於這個標準的選擇方案會被刪除,而只要符合最低標準的選擇方案就不會被刪除,而是進行下一個屬性的比較,刪除到只剩下最後一項選擇方案才停止。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

佛洛依德 (Sigmund Freud)

心理分析之父。主要著作包括:夢的解析、性學三論、圖騰與禁忌。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

即將過時的風險 (Obsolescence Risk)

擔心該產品或服務可能會被較新的替代品所取代。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

完形心理學 (Gestalt Psychology)

人們會從整體完整的刺激來進行解釋,而非針對每個個別的部分,人們認為個別分析該刺激的各項元素沒有辦法捕捉到全貌

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

快樂性動機 (Hedonic Motivation)

帶給消費者情感、美的感官經驗或是提供感官上的愉悅、幻想及歡樂的感覺。也翻譯為享樂性動機。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

扶養比 (Dependency ratio)

每位青壯年平均撫養幾位孩童或老年。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第5節)

沈默螺旋 (Spiral of Silence)

少數意見者不願意說出自己想法,而使得少數意見的聲音愈來愈小。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第4節)

享樂性動機 (Hedonic Motivation)

帶給消費者情感、美的感官經驗或是提供感官上的愉悅、幻想及歡樂的感覺。也翻譯為快樂性動機。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

兩因子理論 (Two-Factor Theory)

影響需要的因素,區分為保健因子,以及激勵因子,不具有保健因子,將會不滿意,但只具有保健因子,並不會滿意。需要具有激勵因子,才會滿意。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

刺激-反應理論 (Stimulus-Response Theory)

學習的發生是因為接受到外界刺激而產生反應,造成行為的改變,不強調內心思考過程的運作狀況。又稱為行為學習理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第5節)

取回(記憶) (Retrieval)

從大腦內取回所需資訊的過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

和諧理論 (Congruity Theory)

如果人們接收到說服訊息後,發現對於訊息內容的態度,與對於訊息發送者的態度,並不相同之時,人們將會某種程度的修改對於訊息內容或訊息發送者的態度,以獲得調和關係。此理論被翻譯為調和理論、一致性理論、和諧理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

孤僻性格 (Detached Character)

內心是獨立的,不欠人情,個人的選擇極少受到社會規範的影響,這群人往往選擇遠離人群。由荷尼(Horney所提出,是順從-積極-孤僻三種人格中的一種。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

明尼蘇達多項人格量表 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI)

由明尼蘇達大學出版,因此命名為明尼蘇達大學多項人格問卷。此問卷經過改版,問卷內容主要側重於研究精神疾病,預測精神病人的心理活動,也用於司法審判、犯罪調查、求職與就業、心理諮商。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

明顯性動機 (Manifest Motives)

人們自己知道,且願意告訴別人的動機。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

注意社會比較訊息 (Attention to Social Comparison Information, ATSCI)

對其他人正在作的事給予高度的注意,而且會使用這項資訊來指導自己的行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

物質主義 (Materialism)

以物質擁有為核心的一種傾向。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

盲眼口味測試 (Blind Taste Test)

不讓受測者知道測試產品的品牌與包裝,來了解消費者對於食物味覺的看法。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第1節)

知道集合 (Awareness Set)

消費者知道的所有品牌、產品。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

知覺行為控制 (Perceived Behavior Control)

個人是否具有自我效能,是否覺得執行特定行為存有困難度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

知覺防禦 (Perceptual Defense)

對於不想看的訊息,會不去注意。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第3節)

知覺警戒 (Perceptual Vigilance)

對於和目前需求有關的刺激會特別注意。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第3節)

社交性需要(動機) (Social Needs)

與他人進行社交活動時,受到他人肯定的需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

社交風險 (Social Risk)

擔心參考群體成員和其他重要的人不喜歡這項產品或服務。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

社會化 (Socialization)

人們學習並適應社會,發展價值觀、動機與習慣等的過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

社會心理學 (Social Psychology)

把心理學從個體擴展到了群體,將討論範圍擴及個體受群體影響後的心理,以及個人和群體間的關係與互動。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

社會比較理論 (Social Comparison Theory)

人們會將本身的許多特性和其他人相比較,透過這樣的比較過程增強堅定個人的自我評價。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

社會判斷理論 (Social Judgment Theory)

人們會根據他們對態度標的物既有的認知或感受,來同化有關此標的物的新訊息。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

社會階級 (Social Class)

存在於社會大眾心中的普遍想法,將民眾依據社經地位,區分成不同階級群組。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第2節)

社會價值觀 (Social Values)

社會大部分成員對於事、物、行為、或結果的評價,所具有的共同想法。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第3節)

社經地位 (Socioeconomic Status)

個人的收入、教育程度、職業、居住區域等狀態。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第2節)

空巢一期 (Empty-Nest Stage I)

小孩已經財務獨立,且沒有同住,但夫妻仍未退休。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

空巢二期 (Empty-Nest Stage II)

小孩已經財務獨立,沒有同住,且夫妻已退休。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

空巢期階段 (Empty-Nest Stage)

有養育小孩,小孩離家,又回到只有夫妻兩人的家庭。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

長期記憶 (Long-Term Memory)

往往可以儲存一段相當長的時間,甚至於一輩子。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

非正式群體(參考群體) (Informal Groups)

沒有正式組織架構與固定成員清單的非正式組織。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

非計劃性購買 (Unplanned Buying)

在店內看到貨架上陳列的商品而被提醒,購買了原先未規劃要購買的商品

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第4節)

非尋求品 (Unsought Product)

消費者不知道,或者並沒有想到要購買的產品或服務,因此不會主動尋求購買。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

便利品 (Convenience Products)

消費者只願意花極少的時間來選購,一切講求方便就好,消費者並不會覺得購買的失誤會造成什麼後果。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

品牌忠誠 (Brand Loyalty)

對品牌有正面的態度而採取的重複性購買行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

品牌慣性 (Consumer Inertia)

消費者不想改變產品或服務提供者所產生的重複性購買行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

客觀理解 (Objective Comprehension)

確實地了解或學習到某項溝通內容的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

封閉性原則(完形心理學) (Closure (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將不完整的刺激視為是完整的刺激。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

持續性搜尋 (Ongoing Search)

仍未考慮要購買該類產品或服務,但仍自外界搜尋資訊的過程。也翻譯為經常性搜尋。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

洽感差異 (Just Noticeable Difference)

足以偵測到二個刺激之間有差異的最小差異值。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

炫耀性消費 (Conspicuous)

消費活動的最重要目的在於炫耀自己的財富,或是炫耀自己的成就。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

相似性原則(完形心理學) (Similarity (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將外表特徵相似的刺激歸為同一類。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

科技接受與使用的整合理論 (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT model)

將所有影響科技接受與使用的因素,歸類為四類:預期績效、預期努力、社會影響、促進條件。每一類因素還涵蓋許多因素。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第5節)

科技接受模式 (Technology Acceptance Model, TAM)

是否會採用一項科技產品,受到其採用意願的影響,而採用意願則會受知覺有用性與知覺易用性的影響。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第5節)

背誦學習 (Rote Learning)

因為不斷重複而記憶下來的學習。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

計畫行為理論 (Theory of Planned Behavior)

人們的行為意圖會受到態度、主觀規範、知覺行為控制所影響,而行為意圖會進一步影響行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

降低失調的購買行為 (Dissonance-Reducing Buying Behavior)

對消費者來說算是重要的購買行為,但消費者卻難以分辨產品間差異,容易產生購後失調的購買行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

韋伯法則 (Weber's Law)

一開始第一個刺激如果愈強,那麼第二個刺激要達到能讓人們感覺到有差異的話,則所需要增加的強度則需愈大。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

修辭疑問句 (Rhetorical Question)

以問句的方式陳述廣告訴求,用於加重語氣, 它並不是真正的問句。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第3節)

個人主義 (Individualism)

強調個體的差異,比較認為社會不應該無差異的一視同仁對待每個人,也比較強調團體內個人的表現。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

個人價值觀 (Personal Values)

個人對於事、物、行為、或結果的評價,是個人從社會價值觀中篩選,並根據自身的偏好,所發展出來屬於自己的價值觀。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第3節)

家庭生命週期 (Family Life Cycle)

從年輕尚未結婚開始,一直到組成家庭、養育小孩、退休、獨居等,所歷經的各個階段。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

展望理論 (Prospect Theory)

主張在不確定情況下,人們會以期望值為參考點,並會有規避風險、期盼獲得確定報酬、高估微小機率可能性等現象。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

差異門檻 (Differential Threshold)

感官系統能夠偵測到二個刺激之間的改變或差異的能力。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

恩格法則 (Engel's Law)

一個國家或個人的所得愈低,他們花在衣服或食物等的基本必需品的支出比重會愈高。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第1節)

拿督、拿督斯理 (Datuk, Datuk Seri)

一種頒給有地位和崇高名望者的榮譽頭銜。主要使用於馬來西亞與汶萊。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第2節)

時間型態 (Timestyle)

時間分配優先順序決定。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第4節)

格式塔學派 (Gestalt Psychology)

又翻譯為完形心理學。人們會從整體完整的刺激來進行解釋,而非針對每個個別的部分,人們認為個別分析該刺激的各項元素沒有辦法捕捉到全貌。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

涉入 (Involvement)

關心程度或覺得重要的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

特殊品 (Speciality Product)

消費者會特別花心思去購買的產品,消費者對於該產品有特殊的興趣,或者特別在乎,因此會花很多心思來處理。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

病毒式行銷 (Viral Marketing)

利用網路發送不尋常的內容,來吸引大眾的關注,收訊者在接收到該內容之後,會主動的幫助傳播該項內容。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

神經質(人格特質) (Neuroricism)

係指情緒是否穩定,是否有大幅度的情緒變化,指一個人能承受情感刺激之程度,當一個人所能接受的刺激越多,愈不會有大幅度的情緒起伏,則其情緒穩定性越高。有些研究會使用「神經質」來代替情緒穩定性。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

訊息論點強度 (Argument strength)

訊息的邏輯推論,以及訊息是否伴隨有佐證。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第6節)

記憶 (Memory)

將以往學習獲得的知識與經驗累積儲存,以及日後將儲存的資訊從大腦中取回的過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

財務風險 (Financial Risk)

擔心該產品或服務的價格可能被訂的過高,其他地方可能會有較合理的價格。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

迷因 (Meme)

人們透過彼此的模仿與調整改變,在人際間傳播思想、行為、風格、風俗、習慣。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

迷因行銷 (Meme Marketing (Memetic Marketing))

製作各種圖、文、影片、動畫,將訊息傳達給消費者,並吸引消費者協助傳播,形成迷因,達到行銷宣傳的目的。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

動態連續創新 (Dynamically Continuous Innovations)

有對應的原有事物,但創新程度大。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第1節)

動機 (Motivation)

驅使人們想要採取行動來朝向目標的驅動力。更詳細來說,是驅使人們想要採取行動來朝向目標,以消除或降低緊張狀態的一股驅動力,這個驅動力可能源於人們自己(內生動機),也可能源於外部(外生動機),這種動機可能導因於需求的增加,也可能導因於現況的不足。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

參考群體 (Reference Group)

在個人的評價、渴望與行為方面上有重大關聯性的真實或想像的個體或群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

問題本身的刺激 (Problem-Stimuli)

問題的本身所發出的訊息,讓消費者想要進行某一項的消費行為,例如因為飢餓所產生的飢餓感甚至於胃絞痛,讓消費者想要吃東西。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第2節)

國族感(種族中心主義) (Ethnocentrism)

自己所屬的民族、種族或國家,比其他民族、種族或國家,還要優秀。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

基本人格量表 (Basic Personality Inventory)

包含十二個構面的基本人格量表。包括:疑病症、抑鬱症、否認、人際關係問題、疏離、迫害思想、焦慮、思維障礙、衝動表達、社交內向、自我折舊、偏差。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

基本需求 (Primary Demand)

對某類產品或服務本身的需求,不指名特定品牌或特定廠商。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第2節)

基模 (Schema)

將某件事、物體的相關資訊組織在一起的認知結構。也翻譯為輪廓。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

強制型群體(參考群體) (Ascribed Groups)

群體內的成員因為符合該群體所定義的特質而自動成為該群體的成員之一。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

強迫性購買 (Compulsive Buying)

一種關於衝動控制的心理疾病,使消費者面臨到難以抗拒的想要購買產品的心理狀態,且會購買相當多數量的商品。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第4節)

從眾 (Conformity)

依照其他人的多數意見來改變自己的意見與行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

情節式記憶 (Episodic Memory)

事件與和事件有關的知識所形成的個人記憶,包括過去的經驗,和與這些過去經驗連結的情感與情緒感受。又稱為自傳式記憶。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

情緒穩定性(人格特質) (Emotional Stability)

係指情緒是否穩定,是否有大幅度的情緒變化,指一個人能承受情感刺激之程度,當一個人所能接受的刺激越多,愈不會有大幅度的情緒起伏,則其情緒穩定性越高。有些研究會使用「神經質」來代替情緒穩定性。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

接近性原則(完形心理學) (Proximity (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將彼此靠近的物體視為是一個群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

推敲可能性模式(思慮可能模式) (Elaboration Likelihood Model, ELM)

根據涉入程度與處理資訊能力的不同,人類處理訊息可以有中央處理路徑與邊陲處理路徑兩種模式,高涉入且具有處理資訊能力時,會使用中央處理路徑來處理訊息,也就是仔細思考訊息的內容以進行決策。不具低涉入或不具有資訊處理能力時,會使用邊陲處理路徑來處理訊息,也就是利用周邊線索來進行決策

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

推敲活動(短期記憶) (Elaborative Activities)

運用長期記憶區內所儲存的價值觀、態度、信念和感受,來解讀評估短期記憶中的各項資訊,並將過去長期記憶區儲存的相關資訊,納入現在正在運轉的短期記憶中,藉以修改記憶,或是增加新的記憶

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

推論 (Reasoning)

利用思考與認知,將既有的資訊與知識,和新的資訊加以重組、合併,從而形成新的連結或觀念。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

晦隱模仿學習 (Covert Modeling)

想像某種行為會衍生何種結果,來調整自己行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

梗圖(哏圖) (Image Macro)

搭上簡單文字的圖片,以傳達特定想法,達到趣味、嘲諷或攻擊目的

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

現象分析方法(人格) (Phenomenological Approaches)

人格特性是透過個人對於生活事件的解釋塑造而成。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

理性行動理論(理性行動理論) (Theory of Reasoned Action)

人們的行為意圖會受到態度及主觀規範的影響,而行為意圖會進一步影響行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

理解(解釋階段) (Comprehension)

從感官刺激中獲得較高層次意義的過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

產品代言人 (Product Endorser)

在廣告上具名推薦產品或服務的人。也可稱為廣告代言人或代言人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第6節)

產品生命週期 (Product Life Cycle)

新產品從開始進入市場,到被市場淘汰的整個過程,經歷一個開發、引進、成長、成熟、衰退的階段。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第3節)

產品知覺風險 (Perceived Risk)

對產品的擁有產生潛在負面結果的擔心。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

產品持續涉入 (Enduring Product Involvement)

無論是否為購買前後,消費者對於產品或服務的持續關心的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

產品涉入 (Product Involvement)

消費者對於該產品或服務的關心程度或覺得重要的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

產品涉入 (Product Involvement)

消費者對於該產品或服務的關心程度或覺得重要的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

組織(解釋階段) (Organize)

將接收到的感覺,和其他已存在記憶中的感覺相連結。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

習慣性決策制定 (Habitual Decision Making)

消費者依據過去經驗進行快速決策,資訊搜尋量低,決策時間快。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

習慣性的購買行為 (Habitual Buying behavior)

消費者單純地只是因為習慣,而繼續購買商品。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

規範性群體(參考群體) (Normative Groups)

幫助個人建立與強迫遵守基本行為標準的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

規範的影響(參考群體) (Normative Influence)

為了得到某些獎勵,或規避某些懲罰而去實現群體的期望。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

規避-規避衝突(動機) (Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict)

在幾個都不喜歡的行為或事物中做出選擇。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

連結模式 (Conjunctive Model)

認為各屬性同等重要,不需要排列順序,各屬性都超過最低水準,才納入考慮。但若沒有任何選項的所有屬性都超過可接受的最低,則調整可接受最低水準,直到找出一購買方案

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

連續性原則(完形心理學) (Continuity (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將物體看成連續的一個物體,而非分離的多個物體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

連續創新 (Continuous Innovations)

只有微小差異,沒有太大的改變。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第1節)

陰柔 (Feminine)

與女性相關,但並非女性所特有的一組特質與行為,以具體或抽象的表現形式呈現,例如溫順、善良、敏感、安靜、美貌、可愛、細心、優柔寡斷等。會展現此種特質與行為的人以女性居多,但某些男性也可能表現出這種特質和行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第4節)

創新擴散 (Diffusion of Innovations)

依採用創新的先後,大致可以區分為創新者、早期採用者、早期大眾、晚期大眾與落後採用者。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第12章第3節)

喚起集合 (Evoked Set)

消費者在做出決策時所記得的品牌或產品。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

尋求變化的購買行為 (Variety-Seeking Buying Behavior)

消費者具有低度涉入,但覺得產品間差異大,且喜歡享受該差異,故頻繁更換產品、品牌,以尋求新鮮感。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

期待不一致模式 (Expectancy Disconfirmation Model)

當表現不如期待,那麼就會產生負面的評價。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第5節)

期望理論 (Expectancy Theory)

主張人們之所以採取特定的行為,是因為他們期望採取此一行為可以獲得某些結果。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

無補償性模式 (Noncompensatory Model)

各個屬性不能相互補償,某個屬性的優點不能彌補其他屬性缺點的決策評估模式。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

等候理論 (Queuing Theory)

研究服務系統中,排隊現象的發生可能機率與等候時間,以提升服務系統的效率。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第4節)

絕對門檻 (Absolute Threshold)

能夠被某一特定感官感受到的最小刺激量。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

評估準據(評估指標) (Evaluative Criteria)

用來判斷各個選擇方案的構面。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第1節)

象徵 (Symbols)

事或物所代表的意義,取決於所處的文化。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第3節)

象徵性需要(動機) (Symbolic Needs)

人們希望藉由事物來表達、彰顯他們自己的需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

象徵群體(參考群體) (Symbolic Groups)

和被影響者不具有相同身分,但卻具有影響力的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

超我 (Super Ego)

相反於本我,是精神的道德面,反應與社會有關的理念,剛好壓制本我自私滿足的追求。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

開放性(人格特質) (Openness to Experience)

對於不熟悉的新事物、經驗的接受度。若一個人興趣越多樣化、對新事物接受度高, 其開放性越高。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

陽剛 (Masculine)

與男性相關,但並非男性所特有的一組特質與行為,以具體或抽象的表現形式呈現,例如如勇氣、自立、自信、強壯、領導力、霸道、做事不細心等。會展現此種特質與行為的人以男性居多,但某些女性也可能表現出這種特質和行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第10章第4節)

集體主義 (Collectivism)

強調團隊合作,比較不認為成功是來自於某一個個人,也比較不強調個別的差異。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第5節)

順從性格 (Compliant Character)

尋求他人的友誼、希望得到他人的接受、欣賞與愛,並試著使自己成為受人喜愛與令人愉快的人,這群人往往會走入人群。由荷尼(Horney所提出,是順從-積極-孤僻三種人格中的一種。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

意見領袖 (Opinion Leadership)

因為自身的地位、專門技能或知識使得他們成為值得信賴之訊息來源,能夠經常地影響其他人的行為或態度

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第3節)

意象處理(短期記憶) (Imagery Processing)

不只是紀錄感官訊息,還以與語意有關的方式,賦予意義。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

愛德華15構面個人特性偏好量表 (Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS))

包含十五個構面的人格量表。包括:成就、順從、秩序、尋求表現、自主、隸屬、內在感受、求助、支配、卑屈、關懷照顧、改變、耐力、異性戀、攻擊。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

感官門檻 (Sensory Threshold)

刺激能夠被感官接收到的最低刺激強度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

感官記憶 (Sensory Memory)

會以感官所真實接收到的形式,先暫時且非常短暫地被存放在記憶儲存區中。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

感官過度負載 (Sensory Overload)

接收到過多的感官刺激,難以處理。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第3節)

新佛洛依德學派 (Neo-Freudianism)

受到佛洛依德的影響,但延伸到社會與文化觀點的心理分析理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

新婚階段 (Couple Stage)

剛結婚沒有小孩的夫妻。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

經常性搜尋 (Ongoing Search)

仍未考慮要購買該類產品或服務,但仍自外界搜尋資訊的過程。也翻譯為持續性搜尋。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

經驗性需要(動機) (Experiential Needs)

對感官愉悅、多樣性及認知上刺激的需要,是一種希望經歷該種體驗的需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

補償性模式 (Compensatory Model)

優點可以補償其缺點的決策評估模式。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

解決方案的刺激 (Solution-Stimuli)

解決方案本身所發出的訊息,讓消費者想要進行某一消費行為。例如在咖啡店前聞到現煮咖啡的味道,會喚起消費者對咖啡的渴望。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第2節)

資訊的影響(參考群體) (Informational Influence)

將參考群體的行為或意見作為本身潛在的有用資訊。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

資訊過載 (Information Overload)

資訊過多,超過認知負荷範圍,難以進行分析以作為決策之用。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

過往經驗原則(完形心理學) (Past Experience (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於利用過去經驗來解讀新的物體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

圖像記憶 (Iconic Memory)

所看到的感官刺激暫存於腦海。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

對稱性原則(完形心理學) (Symmetry (Gestalt Psychology))

人們傾向於將對稱、相似且圍繞中心點的物體,視為是一個群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

態度 (Attitude)

對某一標的事物的評價,這個標的事物可以是人們(包括自己)、產品、廣告或事件等各類型標的物,是學習得來的一種持續、普遍的評價。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第1節)

態度功能理論 (Functional Attitudes Theory)

態度具有許多功能,態度的形成有助於心理運作,對於人們是重要的。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第3節)

滿巢一期 (Full-Nest Stage I)

已經有了小孩,最小的小孩六歲以下的家庭。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

滿巢二期 (Full-Nest Stage II)

年紀最小的小孩六歲以上到十幾歲之間,也就是就讀小學與中學期間的家庭。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

滿巢三期 (Full-Nest Stage III)

小孩已經長大,但還住在家裡的階段。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

滿巢期階段 (Full-Nest Stage)

已經生育小孩,且小孩仍未離家的家庭。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

維持性背誦(短期記憶) (Maintenance Rehearsal)

不斷地將資訊在內心反覆存取,才能使感官記憶保留在短期記憶中,或轉入長期記憶。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

網紅 (Social Media Influencer)

在社交媒體建立個人品牌,產製各種內容,具為數可觀追隨者,並與追隨者建立互動關係,能影響追隨者態度與行為的人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第3節)

網路口碑 (Electronic Word-of-Mouths)

網路上的非正式人際溝通,通常是顧客、潛在顧客、過去顧客、公司所聘請的撰稿者、其他利害關係人所發送,針對產品、服務、品牌、公司、或相關消費活動,所發表的陳述,此陳述可以是正面、中性或負面的評述,其透過網路,將此陳述可以傳播給他人,其傳播範圍可以是不特定的公眾,也可以是特定的群體或少數的個人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第2節)

網路成癮 (Internet Addiction)

過度使用網路,難以自我控制,導致學業、人際關係、身心健康、家庭互動、工作表現上的負面影響。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第1節)

網路依賴 (Internet Dependency)

過度使用網路,難以自我控制,導致學業、人際關係、身心健康、家庭互動、工作表現上的負面影響。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第1節)

網路迷因 (Internet Meme)

在網際網路上被大量傳播或受矚目的圖、文、影像等數位內容,或是在網路上形成的觀念、習慣、風俗、文化,在網路上被大量傳播,且在傳播過程中,被不斷的模仿、修改轉化、或產生新的意義。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

認同的影響(參考群體) (Identification Influence)

因為認同該參考群體,希望呈現出相同的形象與特質。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

認知一致性原則 (Principle of Cognitive Consistency)

消費者所擁有的各種信念必須彼此一致。當消費者的信念不一致時,會使消費者產生想要降低這種不一致狀況的緊張或驅動力

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

認知失調理論 (Cognitive Dissonance Theory)

基於認知的一致性原則所發展出來的理論,認為人們若發生認知不一致,會產生不舒服的緊張狀況。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

認知學習理論 (Cognitive learning Theory)

強調心智過程的重要性,主張學習包含著複雜的內心處理資訊的過程,主張個人能夠充分運用環繞在周圍訊息,來主宰環境的問題解決

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

語意記憶 (Semantic Memory)

某種觀念所具備的知識與感受,與個人經驗無關,並非以事件發生程序的方式儲存在記憶區。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

說服知識模型 (Persuasion Knowledge Model)

消費者會用自己對於說服動機的知識,來解釋廠商或行銷者為什麼想要這樣說服消費者。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第6節)

需要層級理論 (Hierarchy of Needs)

人類的需要可依照重要性分為生理、安全、歸屬、尊重及自我實現等五個需要層級,較基本的需要必須先被滿足,才會重視上一層次的需要。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

價值觀 (Value System)

一種持續性的信念,以指出哪一項事、物、行為、或結果是好的或吸引人的。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第3節)

儀式 (Rituals)

有特別象徵意義的程序活動。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第11章第3節)

廣告 (Advertising)

廠商付費刊登的商業資訊。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第5節)

廣告代言人 (Advertising Endorser)

在廣告上具名推薦產品或服務的人。也可稱為產品代言人或代言人。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第6節)

廣告涉入 (Advertising Involvement)

消費者對於該廣告的關心程度或覺得重要的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

廣告疲勞 (Advertising Wearout)

廣告過度暴露所導致的廣告效果下降。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

廣泛地問題解決 (Extended Problem Solving)

消費者決策前會深思熟慮,會進行廣泛的資訊搜尋與廣泛的方案評估,需要一些長時間來考慮,會考慮很多因素。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

影響力行銷 (Influencer Marketing (influence Marketing))

一種社交媒體行銷的方式,是指透過影響者(網紅)來推薦產品,達到行銷的目的。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

模仿理論 (Modeling Theory)

未必需要實際親身體驗某種獎賞或懲罰才能學習,而是可以觀察別人行為所衍生的結果、想像某種行為會衍生何種結果、或者是從別人口中被告知某種行為會衍生的結果,來修正自己的行為又稱為觀察學習或代理學習。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)

潛藏性動機 (Latent Motives)

人們自己不知道,或者不願意承認的動機。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

編碼(記憶) (Encoding)

將資訊以可辨識的方式輸入。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

衝動性購買 (Impulsive Buying)

「經歷到其所不能抵抗的突發衝動時,去購買某些產品的行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第4節)

複雜的購買行為 (Complex Buying Behavior)

消費者高涉入,且產品間差異大,因此會花費心思進行購買行為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

調和理論 (Congruity Theory)

如果人們接收到說服訊息後,發現對於訊息內容的態度,與對於訊息發送者的態度,並不相同之時,人們將會某種程度的修改對於訊息內容或訊息發送者的態度,以獲得調和關係。此理論被翻譯為調和理論、一致性理論、和諧理論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

輪廓 (Schema)

將某件事、物體的相關資訊組織在一起的認知結構。也翻譯為基模。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

學習 (Learning)

透過他人的教導、外部的資訊、或自身行為獲取的經驗,來取得知識或提高能力的過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第5節)

操作制約 (Operant Conditioning)

學習到進行某種行為會獲得某個正面的結果,或是避免從事某種行為,以免招致某種負面結果的行為學習過程。又稱為工具制約。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第5節)

積極性格 (Aggressive Character)

重視個人的成就超過友誼,會追求權力與他人的讚賞,這群人則常會與其他人對抗。由荷尼(Horney所提出,是順從-積極-孤僻三種人格中的一種。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第2節)

親和性(人格特質) (Agreeableness)

親和性也可譯為宜人性,是指人際導向是否傾向於順從性。若願意與他人合作、聽從他人指示,人際順從性強、配合度愈高,則親和性(宜人性)愈高。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

選擇性注意 (Selective Attention)

從眾多訊息中,選擇只注意某些訊息。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第3節)

選擇性需求 (Selective Demand)

對某特定品牌或廠商的產品或服務的需求。選擇性需求又稱為次級需求(Secondary Demand)

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第2節)

選擇性暴露 (Selective Exposure)

選擇自己有興趣的刺激,而忽略其他的刺激。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

選購品 (Shopping Products)

選購品是指消費者會多加比較的商品,通常是各產品間的品質、價格與式樣差異較大(產品差異),或是有較大的購買風險(風險考量),或是消費者並不需要立即擁有(延後購買)

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第1節)

閾下知覺 (Subliminal Perception)

低於最小門檻的訊息,仍有可能被無意識地接收。閾發音為ㄩ ˋ,漢語拼音 yu

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第2節)

優先順序模式(決策評估) (Lexicographic Model)

先比較最重要的屬性,將在這個屬性上表現比較不好的選擇方案排除,之後再比較後續的屬性。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第2節)

儲存(記憶) (Storage)

新取得的資訊,和已經在記憶中的資訊整合,並存放起來。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第7節)

績效風險 (Performance Risk)

擔心該產品或服務的表現或成效不好,或是沒有像其他選擇方案一樣好。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

薦證廣告 (Testimonial Advertising)

於廣告或以其他使公眾得知之方法反映其對商品或服務之意見、信賴、發現或親身體驗結果,製播而成之廣告或對外發表之表示。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第13章第2節)

購前搜尋 (Prepurchase Search)

消費者已考慮購買該類產品或服務,在購買決策之前所進行的資訊搜尋。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第3節)

購買涉入 (Purchase Involvement)

消費者對該次購買的關心程度或覺得重要的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

購買情境涉入 (Purchasing-Situational Involvement)

在購買決策發生時消費者關心與重視的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第6章第4節)

趨近-規避衝突(動機) (Approach- Avoidance Conflict)

同時產生正面與負面的後果,希望得到正向結果,但又希望規避附帶產生的負向結果。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

趨近-趨近衝突(動機) (Approach-Approach Conflict)

面臨二種行為或事物都可以趨向所想要的目標,皆可滿足需求,但卻必須從二者之中擇一而為。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第1節)

趨避群體(參考群體) (Dissociative Groups)

不能認同與不願意模仿的群體。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第8章第1節)

歸因理論 (Attribution theory)

以社會心理學的角度,來試圖瞭解個人如何對行為或結果做出解釋或原因。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第7章第5節)

邊陲處理路徑(週邊處理途徑) (Peripheral Processing Route)

不會深入思考訊息內容,僅會草率地注意著訊息,傾向於簡單地根據週邊線索,例如:音樂、包裝、場景、代言人等等,很快地作出推論。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第2節)

類化(解釋階段) (Categorization)

藉由和先前的知識連結,而辨認或瞭解某項刺激的心理過程。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第4節)

嚴謹性(人格特質) (Conscientiousness)

做事或對於事物的嚴謹程度與專注性,對所追求的目標之專心與集中的程度。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第4章第3節)

驅力理論(驅動力理論) (Drive Theory)

人們之所以從事某種行為,是因為需求未能滿足所產生的緊張狀態,此一緊張狀態就是驅力。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

驅力減少理論 (Drive Reduction Theory)

跟驅力理論相近,都是指人們之所以從事某種行為,是因為需求未能滿足所產生的緊張狀態,此一緊張狀態就是驅力。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第3章第2節)

鰥寡階段 (Survivor Stage)

中老年,小孩已經財務獨立,沒有同住,且配偶一方已經過逝。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第9章第1節)

體驗行銷 (Experiential Marketing)

讓消費者觀察或參與,感受到刺激,而引發動機,進而產生消費行為,產生認同。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第5章第1節)

觀察學習 (Observational learning)

未必需要實際親身體驗某種獎賞或懲罰才能學習,而是可以觀察別人行為所衍生的結果、想像某種行為會衍生何種結果、或者是從別人口中被告知某種行為會衍生的結果,來修正自己的行為又稱為代理學習或模仿。

(資料來源:汪志堅,消費者行為,第七版,全華圖書,2021,第2章第6節)